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BioMed Research International 2015The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly... (Review)
Review
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; Biomarkers; Embryonic Stem Cells; Humans; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis
PubMed: 26421301
DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542 -
Stem Cell Reports Sep 2021This commentary presents a thought experiment seeking to answer the key question: "If you were to put aside all the traditional drug discovery processes and start a new...
This commentary presents a thought experiment seeking to answer the key question: "If you were to put aside all the traditional drug discovery processes and start a new drug discovery program that places the highest priority on human and disease-relevant models throughout the entire process, how could it be done?"
Topics: Cell Culture Techniques; Drug Discovery; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Stem Cells
PubMed: 34525380
DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.004 -
Cell Stem Cell May 2017Adult stem cells, particularly those resident in tissues with little turnover, are largely quiescent and only activate in response to regenerative demands, while... (Review)
Review
Adult stem cells, particularly those resident in tissues with little turnover, are largely quiescent and only activate in response to regenerative demands, while embryonic stem cells continuously replicate, suggesting profoundly different regulatory mechanisms within distinct stem cell types. In recent years, evidence linking metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis) as fundamental regulators of stem cell function has emerged. Here, we discuss new insights into how these networks control potency, self-renewal, differentiation, and aging of highly proliferative embryonic stem cells and quiescent adult stem cells, with a focus on hematopoietic and muscle stem cells and implications for anti-aging research.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Mitochondria; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28475885
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.011 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2016Stem cells are responsible for the organ and tissue development, growth and maintenance from embryonic stage up to late adult life.[...].
Stem cells are responsible for the organ and tissue development, growth and maintenance from embryonic stage up to late adult life.[...].
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Growth; Humans; Stem Cells
PubMed: 27347939
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071005 -
BMB Reports Jan 2016microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of cell state transition and retention during stem cell proliferation and differentiation by post-transcriptionally downregulating... (Review)
Review
microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of cell state transition and retention during stem cell proliferation and differentiation by post-transcriptionally downregulating hundreds of conserved target genes via seed-pairing in their 3' untranslated region. In embryonic and adult stem cells, dozens of miRNAs that elaborately control stem cell processes by modulating the transcriptomic context therein have been identified. Some miRNAs accelerate the change of cell state into progenitor cell lineages-such as myoblast, myeloid or lymphoid progenitors, and neuro precursor stem cells-and other miRNAs decelerate the change but induce proliferative activity, resulting in cell state retention. This cell state choice can be controlled by endogenously or exogenously changing miRNA levels or by including or excluding target sites. This control of miRNA-mediated gene regulation could improve our understanding of stem cell biology and facilitate their development as therapeutic tools.
Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; Adult Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; Stem Cells
PubMed: 26497582
DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.1.217 -
Genes Sep 2020Ultrasound has emerged as a novel tool for clinical applications, particularly in the context of regenerative medicine. Due to its unique physico-mechanical properties,... (Review)
Review
Ultrasound has emerged as a novel tool for clinical applications, particularly in the context of regenerative medicine. Due to its unique physico-mechanical properties, low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) has been approved for accelerated fracture healing and for the treatment of established non-union, but its utility has extended beyond tissue engineering to other fields, including cell regeneration. Cells and tissues respond to acoustic ultrasound by switching on genetic repair circuits, triggering a cascade of molecular signals that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. LIUS also induces angiogenesis and tissue regeneration and has anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative effects. Accordingly, the potential application of ultrasound for tissue repair/regeneration has been tested in several studies as a stand-alone treatment and, more recently, as an adjunct to cell-based therapies. For example, ultrasound has been proposed to improve stem cell homing to target tissues due to its ability to create a transitional and local gradient of cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the many applications of ultrasound in clinical medicine, with a focus on its value as an adjunct to cell-based interventions. Finally, we discuss the various preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the potential of ultrasound for regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 32957737
DOI: 10.3390/genes11091086 -
Experimental Oncology Mar 2015Classical and up-to-date models of hematopoietic lineage determination are briefly reviewed with the focus on myeloid-based models challenging the existence of the... (Review)
Review
Classical and up-to-date models of hematopoietic lineage determination are briefly reviewed with the focus on myeloid-based models challenging the existence of the common progenitor for T cells, B cells and NK cells. The analysis of immunophenotype of leukemic blast cells seems to be a promising approach for interpreting some controversies in the schemes of normal hematopoiesis. The literature data as well as our own findings in the patients with various types of acute leukemias are in favor of the concept postulating that common myeloid-lymphoid progenitors giving rise to T and B cell branches retain the myeloid potential. The similarity of some immunophenotypic features of blast cells in pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute monoblastic leukemia is consistent with monocyte origin postulated in the studies of normal hematopoiesis. Study of acute leukemias may be the challenging area of research allowing for new insight into the origin of hematopoietic cell lineages.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Killer Cells, Natural; Leukemia; Myeloid Cells; Neoplastic Stem Cells; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 25804223
DOI: No ID Found -
Genes & Development Feb 2017Advances in metabolomics have deepened our understanding of the roles that specific modes of metabolism play in programming stem cell fates. Here, we review recent... (Review)
Review
Advances in metabolomics have deepened our understanding of the roles that specific modes of metabolism play in programming stem cell fates. Here, we review recent metabolomic studies of stem cell metabolism that have revealed how metabolic pathways can convey changes in the extrinsic environment or their niche to program stem cell fates. The metabolic programming of stem cells represents a fine balance between the intrinsic needs of a cellular state and the constraints imposed by extrinsic conditions. A more complete understanding of these needs and constraints will afford us greater mastery over our control of stem cell fates.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Environment; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28314766
DOI: 10.1101/gad.293167.116 -
Trends in Cell Biology Oct 2022Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture while retaining the potential to differentiate into virtually all normal cell types in the adult... (Review)
Review
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture while retaining the potential to differentiate into virtually all normal cell types in the adult animal. Due to these remarkable properties, PSCs not only provide a superb system to investigate mammalian development and model diseases, but also hold promise for regenerative therapies. Autophagy is a self-digestive process that targets proteins, organelles, and other cellular contents for lysosomal degradation. Here, we review recent literature on the mechanistic role of different types of autophagy in embryonic development, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced PSCs (iPSCs), focusing on their remodeling functions on protein, metabolism, and epigenetics. We present a perspective on unsolved issues and propose that autophagy is a promising target to modulate acquisition, maintenance, and directed differentiation of PSCs.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Mammals; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 35490141
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.04.001 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Oct 2011There are many similarities between health issues affecting military and civilian patient populations, with the exception of the relatively small but vital segment of... (Review)
Review
There are many similarities between health issues affecting military and civilian patient populations, with the exception of the relatively small but vital segment of active soldiers who experience high-energy blast injuries during combat. A rising incidence of major injuries from explosive devices in recent campaigns has further complicated treatment and recovery, highlighting the need for tissue regenerative options and intensifying interest in the possible role of stem cells for military medicine. In this review we outline the array of tissue-specific injuries typically seen in modern combat - as well as address a few complications unique to soldiers--and discuss the state of current stem cell research in addressing each area. Embryonic, induced-pluripotent and adult stem cell sources are defined, along with advantages and disadvantages unique to each cell type. More detailed stem cell sources are described in the context of each tissue of interest, including neural, cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal and sensory tissues, with brief discussion of their potential role in regenerative medicine moving forward. Additional commentary is given to military stem cell applications aside from regenerative medicine, such as blood pharming, immunomodulation and drug screening, with an overview of stem cell banking and the unique opportunity provided by the military and civilian overlap of stem cell research.
Topics: Humans; Immunomodulation; Immunosuppression Therapy; Military Medicine; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 22011454
DOI: 10.1186/scrt81